short
a short burst of energy

sudden
a sudden burst of enthusiasm

quick, rapid
a rapid burst of gunfire

occasional
initial
final
single
explosive, intense
an intense burst of anger

great, huge

in bursts
He works in short bursts.

burst of

suddenly
almost, nearly
finally
apart (esp. BrE), forth, out
There was a danger that the engine would burst apart.

be about to, be going to, be ready to
My whole head felt ready to burst.

out of
I felt as though my heart would burst out of my chest.

with (figurative)
He felt he would burst with anger.

suddenly
immediately, instantly, promptly
She took one look at the mess and promptly burst into tears.

be about to, be going to, be ready to
He was just about to burst into song.

Burst is used with these nouns as the subject:
abscess, appendix, balloon, blood vessel, bubble, bud, dam, lung, mortar, pipe, shell, tyre

Burst is used with these nouns as the object:
balloon, bank, blood vessel, bubble, tyre