complete, extensive, full (esp. BrE), thorough
careful, close, rigorous, tight (all esp. BrE)
cursory, quick
periodic, regular, routine
annual, daily, etc.
final, last
constant (esp. BrE)
random, spot
In a series of spot checks, police searched buses crossing the border.

independent
visual
I did a quick visual check of the engine.

dental (BrE), fitness (BrE), health, medical
criminal, police, safety, security
background, credit, reference
ID (BrE), identification (AmE), identity (BrE)
baggage, customs (esp. BrE), immigration (esp. BrE), passport (esp. BrE)
stock (BrE)
consistency, quality
spell (usually spellcheck), spelling (BrE)
I do a spellcheck on all my emails.

sound (usually soundcheck)
The band wants to do a soundcheck before the concert.

carry out (BrE), complete, conduct, do, give sth, have, make, run
I'll just have a quick check to see if the letter's arrived.
A thorough check is made before the bags are put on the plane.
We're running a police check on all applicants.

keep, maintain
Police are keeping a close check on the house.

go for (esp. BrE), undergo
I have to go for a dental check.

check on
a routine check on the factory

natural
Leaving some fields fallow provided a natural check on insect populations.

act as, provide
hold sth in, keep sth in
You need to keep your temper in check!

check on
The law acts as a check on people's actions.

dinner

have
Can I have the check please?

pay, pick up, split
Uncle Louie picked up the dinner check.

check for
The waiter handed me the check for my meal.

always, daily, periodically, regularly
Always check that the electricity is switched off before you start.
Check the oil level regularly.

carefully, thoroughly
easily, simply

had better, must, need to, should
We had better check that all the doors are locked.

against
I'll need to check these figures against last year's.

for
Check the roof for loose slates.

with
I checked with her to see if she needed any help.

be worth checking
It's worth checking that there is no rust on the car.

check to see if, check to see whether
He was just checking to see if I was in my room.

simply
To take advantage of this extra bonus offer, simply check the box on your order form.

mentally
She began mentally checking off the things on her to-do list.

off
The cartons were all checked off as they were unloaded.

Check is used with these nouns as the subject:
electrician, inspector

Check is used with these nouns as the object:
account, accuracy, appearance, archive, authenticity, availability, bag, baggage, balance, barometer, bearing, blood pressure, book, box, calendar, change, clip, clock, compass, comprehension, credentials, date, detail, diaper, dictionary, dimension, directory, effectiveness, email, fact, file, forecast, gauge, identification, impulse, information, input, instrument, label, level, link, lock, log, luggage, mail, make-up, manual, map, message, meter, microphone, mirror, oil, passport, pocket, post, profile, progress, pulse, record, reference, schedule, signature, site, spelling, status, takings, time, tyre, validity, visa, watch, weather, website, wiring, work